覆盖免耕在休闲期的节水和生育期的调温效应

对免耕覆盖、秸秆还田和常规耕作在休闲期的节水效果研究表明:在夏季休闲期,免耕覆盖比常规耕作多贮水30.62mm,比秸秆还田多23.91mm;在冬季储水灌溉期间,可将储水定额从2100m3/hm2减少到600和975m3/hm2。对春小麦生育期土壤表层,5、10、15、20和25cm处温度变化观测发现:免耕覆盖土壤温度在气温较低的8:00可以提高土壤表层温度,在气温较高的14:00可以减缓土壤温度的升高,而在19:00气温降低时可以减缓土壤温度的降低,使土壤温度一直保持在一个稳定的状态,这有利于调节农田小气候,创造作物良好的生长环境。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

尕海地区弃耕地土壤可溶性盐分测定

１９９０～１９９３年在柴达盆地尕海地区弃耕地进行土壤可溶性盐分测定，测定结果，该地区土壤盐分组成为氯化物－硫酸盐和硫酸盐－氯化物，大部分地区耕层盐分含量小于１０ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，少部分盐荒地表层含盐量高达７０ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，牧草生长季节中，土壤盐分含量最低期在６月份。     

赖氨酸修饰对梯棱羊肚菌黑色素结构和理化特性的影响

为了进一步提高梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取率及溶解性,本试验采用单因素、Plackett-Burman试验、响应面试验对纤维素酶-超声波协同提取梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的提取工艺进行优化研究。通过赖氨酸修饰,并对修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素进行结构表征、理化性质及稳定性研究。结果表明,在NaOH浓度为1.54 mol/L,纤维素酶添加量为20 mg/g,纤维素酶酶解时间为78.6 min,料液比为1:30,酶解温度为40 ℃,超声时间为80 min条件下提取的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素最优。未修饰的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素不溶于水,色价值为480.24,修饰后的黑色素溶解度为1 016 g/L,色价值为1 771.18,比未修饰的黑色素在溶解性、色价值方面均有所提高。此外,在不同的温度、光照、pH条件下,修饰前后的梯棱羊肚菌黑色素均比较稳定。以上研究结果为梯棱羊肚菌黑色素的高效提取及其产品的开发利用奠定了理论基础。     

Acquired resistance triggered by elicitins in tobacco and other plants

Elicitins are a family of proteins excreted byPhytophthora spp. They exhibit high sequence homology but large net charge differences. They induce necrosis in tobacco plants which then become resistant to the tobacco pathogenPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. In stem-treated plants, resistance was not restricted to the site of elicitin application, but could be demonstrated by petiole inoculation at all levels on the stem. Resistance was already maximum after two days and lasted for at least two weeks. It was effective not only towardsP. p. var.nicotianae infection, but also against the unrelated pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast to dichloroisonicotinic acid, an artificial inducer of systemic acquired resistance, which was increasingly effective with doses ranging from 0.25 to 5mole per plant, the basic elicitin cryptogein exhibited a threshold effect, inducing near total resistance and extensive leaf necrosis above 0.1 nmole per plant. Between 1 and 5 nmole, acidic elicitins (capsicein and parasiticein) protected tobacco plants with hardly any necrotic symptom. Elicitins exhibited similar effects in various tobacco cultivars andNicotiana species, although with quantitative differences, but induced neither necrosis nor protection in other SolanaceÆ (tomato, petunia and pepper). Among 24 additional species tested belonging to 18 botanical families, only some BrassicaceÆ, noticeably rape, exhibited symptoms in response to elicitins, in a cultivar-specific manner. Elicitins appear to be natural specific triggers for systemic acquired resistance and provide a tool for unraveling the mechanisms leading to its establishment.Abbreviations AR acquired resistance - HR hypersensitive response - INA 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid - Ppn Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae - SAR systemic acquired resistance     

In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells

Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 mol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 mol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage - LPS lipopolysaccharide - cDNA cloned deoxyribonucleic acid - cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate - GAPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase - mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid - TF tissue factor - TNF tumour necrosis factor - DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline     

碧峰峡森林土壤性状研究

碧峰峡不仅是旅游景点,还是多学科研究的天然“实验室”,地处雅安亚热带区,原始森林植被保护完好,土壤垂直分布明显,地质现象复杂,也是大熊猫、金丝猴出没之地。经研究结果：土壤呈酸性,自然肥力高．经相关分析结果：土壤有机质含量和ＣＥＣ等有关理化特性的相关性,较物理性粘粒与ＣＥＣ间更加显著。     

梯田基线设计与简易放线法

梯田基线设计,多采用经验法,等高等宽不好兼顾,“大弯就势,小弯取直”往往只能定性,不能量化,由此设计出的梯田埂线,难以得出最佳梯田断面。如根据地形图等高线走向趋势,选择代表地面走向的等高线,通过概化分析,以数学函数式表达等高线,使其横贯坡面切割等高线为最少,以此作为梯田地埂基线,由其函数对应值,在实地进行坐标放线,即可做到等高布设、等宽兼顾和“大弯就势,小弯取直”定量化,既满足机械作业对曲率半径的要求,也避免了施工时的大切大垫。